Abstract

A Review on Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Bovine Papillomatosis

Authors: Muhammad Mujeeb Abid, Aziz ur Rehman, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Hafiz Muhammad Zakria, Muhammad Sohaib Aslam and Syed Muhammad Adeel Arshad

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.71081/cvj/2025.059

Abstract
Bovine papillomaviruses are small group of double-stranded Deoxyribonucleic acid. Bovine papillomaviruses are oncogenic and epitheliotropic in nature. Bovine papillomaviruses are small non-enveloped dsDNA that have 13 genomes that are fully characterized until now. Many studies revealed that the structure of the Bovine papillomavirus is approximately 3.6 Angstrom resolution and 52-55 nanometer in size. Bovine papillomaviruses are further classified like Xipapilloma virus (BPV 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11 and 12), Epsilonpapilloma virus (BPV 5 and 8), Deltapapilloma virus (BPV 1, 2 and 3), and one un-named Papillomavirus is (BPV 7). BPV replicates in upper stratified cells of the epithelial membrane. BPV induces tumors and cancerous growth in epithelial cells. The growth of Bovine papillomaviruses may be exophytic and endophytic in nature. The tumorous and cancerous growth of BPV is a hyperplasic characteristic of epithelial cells of the membrane. BPV causes cancer of the urinary bladder, the tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, and tumors of the mucosal membrane. BPV also causes cancerous and tumorous growth of cutaneous membrane or ulceration and teat papillomatosis. Horizontal and vertical transmission of BPV has been revealed in many review and experimental studies. In this literature transmission of BPV in dairy from animal to animal by direct contact with an infected animal. It also transmits through frictional epithelial contact with animal or blood transfusion and contaminated dairy fomites or fixtures. Usually, the diagnosis of Bovine papillomavirus is through gene amplification of PCR and ELISA test. In the treatment of BPV infection Supportive therapy and Antibiotics are given. But Autogenous vaccine shows ironic results in the quick recovery of BPVs.

Keywords: Bovine Papilloma Virus; Diagnosis; Transmission; Tumor